This guide adapts rules and examples from Microsoft’s 71-page Japanese Localization Style Guide (originally written for software/UI localization). The underlying linguistic rules apply universally — to legal contracts, medical documents, marketing copy, and any Japanese translation work. Restructured and reformatted as a general Japanese translator reference by ChatsControl.
Japanese Translation Style Guide — Voice, Word Choice & Common Pitfalls (Legal, Medical, Marketing, IT)¶
TL;DR¶
- Default Japanese register is Desu-masu (ですます調) for consumer-facing content; Dearu and noun phrases reserve for headings, labels, and short fragments — keep level consistent within a section.
- Omit subjects whenever possible — first-person plural pronouns (we, our) and second-person (you, your) are unnatural in Japanese; translate explicit references only when clarity demands and use role nouns (ユーザー, 管理者, お客様).
- Choose script (Hiragana / Katakana / Kanji) by Cabinet notification standards (常用漢字表, 外来語の表記, 現代仮名遣い) and katakana long-vowel rules — er/or/ar suffixes take ー; words ≤3 chars keep ー (メニュー), 4+ chars drop it (メモリ).
- Master full-width vs half-width spacing: insert half-width space between full-width and half-width characters, between English words in katakana compounds (ダイアログ ボックス), and around references — but omit around punctuation, brackets, and access keys.
- Avoid honorifics and humble forms (尊敬語/謙譲語) in product content unless supplier-customer relationship demands; prefer polite (丁寧語) ご-prefixed forms (ご確認ください) over plain instructive ones (確認してください) to sound empathetic, not mechanical.
- TL;DR
- Reference materials
- Register and tone for modern Japanese translation
- Flexibility: when to translate literally vs. when to rewrite
- Words and phrases to avoid in modern Japanese
- Word choice: short forms and everyday words
- Word-to-word translation: why direct mapping fails
- Sample translations: addressing the user to take action
- Inclusive language
- Language-specific standards
- Style and tone considerations
- Localization considerations
- Unlocalized items
- Distinguishing between English and Japanese versions
- Copilot predefined prompts (best practices applicable to any AI prompt localization)
- Error messages
- Keyboard arrow keys
- Keys
- Shortcut keys
- UI elements: how to refer to them in text
- Reference to unlocalized UI terms
- Voice/video pronunciation
- Tone for video
- FAQ
- When do I use Desu-masu vs Dearu vs noun phrase in Japanese translation?
- How should I handle pronouns (we, you, I) in Japanese translation?
- What’s the rule for katakana long-vowel marks (ー)?
- When do I insert half-width spaces in Japanese text?
- How do I translate error messages in Japanese?
- How should I refer to UI elements in Japanese?
- What’s the difference between honorific (尊敬語) / humble (謙譲語) / polite (丁寧語) in Japanese product content?
- Sources
Reference materials¶
Adhere to these normative references. When more than one solution is possible, consult this guide for guidance.
- 平成 3 年 6 月 28 日 内閣告示第 2 号「外来語の表記」(Cabinet Notification on katakana orthography)
- 昭和 61 年 7 月 1 日 内閣告示第 1 号「現代仮名遣い」(Modern Kana usage)
- 平成 22 年 11 月 30 日 内閣告示第 2 号「常用漢字表」(List of Common-use Kanji)
- 昭和 48 年 6 月 18 日 内閣告示第 2 号「送り仮名の付け方」(Okurigana usage)
- 『新しい国語表記ハンドブック』(三省堂)
- 『用字用語 新表記辞典』(第一法規)
These references apply across all spheres — legal, medical, marketing, IT — wherever consistent, normative Japanese orthography matters.
Register and tone for modern Japanese translation¶
Register is the level of formality, warmth, and conversational ease the target text projects. Three principles define the modern Japanese register for consumer-facing content:
- Warm and relaxed. Natural, less formal, grounded in honest conversation.
- Crisp and clear. Written for scanning first, reading second. Simplicity over flourish.
- Ready to help. Anticipates the reader’s needs and offers information at the right moment.
The general style should be clear, friendly, and concise. Use language that resembles everyday conversation, as opposed to the formal, technical language often used for technical and commercial content. Because Japanese translation often demands more conversational style, literal translation of the source may produce target text not relevant to customers.
Why this matters: Bureaucratic register damages outcomes across spheres. In marketing copy it kills conversion — readers disengage when text sounds like a tax notice. In patient-facing medical materials it reduces comprehension and compliance. In software UI every formal turn adds friction. In consumer-facing legal documents (privacy policies, terms of service) plain Japanese improves regulator and reader trust. Only sworn legal translation and pure technical specifications retain the older formal register.
Audience targeting: technical vs. consumer vocabulary¶
Although content might be different for different audiences, the principles are the same — keep the audience in mind. Choose technical terms for technical audiences; for consumers use common words. A clinical drug monograph for prescribers uses precise pharmacological terminology; the patient leaflet for the same drug uses everyday Japanese. A software API reference uses developer jargon; the end-user help article uses plain Japanese.
This applies in every sphere. Legal translation for corporate counsel uses kanji-heavy 漢語 forms and procedural shorthand; consumer-facing versions need plain-Japanese framing. Medical translation for clinicians keeps Greek/Latin nomenclature transliterated; for patients it switches to common terms. IT translation uses developer jargon in engineer-facing docs, natural Japanese in end-user help.
Flexibility: when to translate literally vs. when to rewrite¶
Flexibility is the translator’s discretion to modify or rewrite translated strings so the result is more appropriate and natural to Japanese readers. Try to understand the whole intention of sentences, paragraphs, and pages, then rewrite as if composing the content yourself. Sometimes you may need to remove unnecessary content.
Why this matters: Source-faithful translation produces translation-style Japanese — text that reads as translated, not natural. Required in sworn legal translation and certified document translation where literal accuracy is mandated. Harmful in marketing translation (lost conversion), patient-facing healthcare materials (lost clarity), and software UX (lost engagement). Knowing where the boundary sits is the core translator judgment that distinguishes professional work from raw machine output.
Words and phrases to avoid in modern Japanese¶
Avoid written-language or overly formal expressions; switch to equivalents appropriate to the context. (日本語の場合も、書き言葉やフォーマルな場面で使う言葉を避け、適切な言葉に置き換えます。)
| en-US source | Japanese word/phrase to avoid | Japanese preferred |
|---|---|---|
| xxx, yyy, and zzz | xxx、yyy、および zzz | xxx、yyy、zzz / xxx、yyy、zzz など |
| can, can be, be able to, be possible | xxx が可能です | xxx できます |
| recommend | 推奨します | お勧めします |
| old | 古い | 前の、使用していない (rewrite per context) |
| invalid | 無効です | 使用できません |
| serious, severe | 深刻な | 重大な (or rewrite as 大幅な修正が必要になる, per context) |
| by ~ing | xxxx することにより、xxxx によって | xxxx すると、xxxx すれば |
Why this matters: These formal forms appear in legal templates and corporate communications out of institutional habit but feel alien in consumer-facing products, patient-facing medical materials, brand-led marketing, and user-friendly software. A privacy policy starting “ご使用いただくことが可能となっております” signals bureaucratic indifference; “ご利用いただけます” reads as the product talking to the user. A patient leaflet saying “副作用が深刻な場合” lands differently than “副作用が重大な場合” — the second is medically appropriate without being alarmist.
Word choice: short forms and everyday words¶
Use approved terminology from project glossaries where applicable, especially for key terms, technical terms, and product names.
In Japanese, abbreviate words or change everyday words by:
- Replacing a verb with a particle
- Using Katakana form
Keep translated strings using Hiragana/Katakana/Kanji as short as possible to avoid clipping on the display. Hiragana, katakana, and kanji are wider than English letters, so even short translations may overflow.
| en-US source term | Japanese word | Japanese word usage |
|---|---|---|
| App | アプリ | More everyday than “アプリケーション.” |
| Pick, choose, select | 選ぶ | In sentences “~を選び、” sounds more natural than “~を選択し、.” For button/menu names with established conventions, or developer-facing messages, the “<漢語>する” form (選択) is preferred. |
| continue | 続ける | Same principle as above. |
| メール | More everyday than “電子メール.” | |
| again, re- | もう一度 | More everyday than “再度.” |
| detailed, in detail | 詳しい | More everyday than “詳細な.” |
| n/a (negation) | xxされていません | More everyday than “未xx” form. |
| sync | 最新に保つ | More everyday than “同期する”; avoids technical phrasing. |
| you | (omit) | “You” and “I” are not needed in many cases. Overuse leads to unnatural text; in “You” cases, the sentence may sound impolite. Omit unless absolutely necessary. |
Why this matters: Terminology consistency is non-negotiable in legal translation (a defined term in a contract must render identically across all pages — variant renderings create ambiguity opposing counsel will exploit), medical translation (drug names, dosage units, anatomical terms must be invariant — a synonym swap can produce a dispensing error), and IT/software translation (UI labels, menu items, error codes must match help documentation word-for-word or users can’t find what they need).
Word-to-word translation: why direct mapping fails¶
To produce fluent translation, avoid word-to-word translation. If text is translated directly without overall understanding of the paragraph or page, the contents won’t be natural and may even be ridiculous. Strict word-to-word translation makes the tone stiff and unnatural. Split text into different sentences if necessary, simplify, omit descriptors. If you need to cut redundancy, paraphrase.
| Source | Our Style | Not Our Style |
|---|---|---|
| This product is on the retirement path. | この製品は廃止される予定です。 | この製品は廃止パスにあります。 |
| YouTube advertising may also be an avenue to go down to gain more subscribers. | YouTube 広告も、より多くの登録者を獲得するための手段として選択肢になり得ます。 | YouTube の広告も、より多くの登録者を獲得するために進むべき道である可能性があります。 |
| Are people keeping up with their calendars? | ユーザーは予定表を把握していますか? | ユーザーは予定表に付いていけていますか? |
Why this matters: Word-to-word translation is the dominant failure mode of inexperienced translators and unedited machine output. In legal contracts it produces clauses that translate every term but obscure who owes what, creating dispute risk. In medical instructions it separates action from actor in ways that confuse patients — a known source of compliance errors. In marketing copy it produces headlines that read as foreign — technically Japanese but emotionally flat. In software UI it produces labels users hesitate over because the phrasing doesn’t match how they’d describe the action.
Sample translations: addressing the user to take action¶
| US English | Japanese target | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| The password isn’t correct, so try again. Passwords are case-sensitive. | パスワードが正しくありません。もう一度入力してください。パスワードでは大文字と小文字が区別されます。 | Short, friendly message with the action to try again. |
| This product key didn’t work. Check it and try again. | プロダクト キーが正しくありません。確認してからもう一度入力してください。 | Casually and politely asks the user to check and try again. |
| All ready to go | すべて準備できました | Casual and short — informs user that setup has completed. |
| Would you like to continue? | このまま続けますか? | Polite question using natural Japanese; second-person pronoun omitted. |
| Give your PC a name—any name you want. If you want to change the background color, turn high contrast off in PC settings. | PC に好きな名前を付けましょう。背景の色を変えるには、PC 設定でハイ コントラスト設定をオフにしてください。 | Addresses the user directly using natural Japanese sentence structure. |
Explanatory text and providing support¶
| US English | Japanese target | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| The updates are installed, but Windows Setup needs to restart for them to work. After it restarts, we’ll keep going from where we left off. | 更新プログラムはインストールされていますが、実際に利用するには Windows セットアップを再起動する必要があります。再起動した後で、中断したところから再開します。 | Natural, the way people talk. Reassuring, letting the user know we’re doing the work. |
| If you restart now, you and any other people using this PC could lose unsaved work. | このまま再起動すると、この PC を使っているユーザーの未保存の作業内容が失われる可能性があります。 | Clear and natural, informing the user what will happen. |
| This document will be automatically moved to the right library and folder after you correct invalid or missing properties. | 使用できないか、不足しているプロパティを修正すると、このドキュメントは自動的に正しいライブラリとフォルダーに移動されます。 | Informative and direct about the action that will be taken. |
| Something bad happened! Unable to locate downloaded files to create your bootable USB flash drive. | 必要なファイルをダウンロードしましたが見つからないため、起動用 USB フラッシュ ドライブが作成できません。 | Short sentences inform the user what has happened. |
Inclusive language¶
Use plain language: straightforward, concrete, and familiar words. Plain accessible language helps people of all learning levels and abilities. Use everyday words instead of unnecessarily complicated terms.
Be mindful when referring to various parts of the world. If you name cities, countries, or regions in examples, make sure they’re not politically disputed. In examples that refer to several regions, use equivalent references — don’t mix countries with states or continents.
In text and images, represent diverse perspectives and circumstances. Don’t generalize or stereotype people by region, culture, age, or gender. Don’t use profane, derogatory, or culturally appropriative terms. Don’t use terms that may carry unconscious racial bias or terms associated with military actions, politics, or controversial historical events.
| English use | English avoid | Japanese use | Japanese avoid |
|---|---|---|---|
| primary/secondary | master/slave | プライマリ/セカンダリ | マスター/スレーブ |
| stop responding | hang | 応答しなくなる / 反応しなくなる | ハングする / ハングアップ |
| parent | mother or father | 親 | 母 or 父 |
Avoid gender bias¶
Use gender-neutral alternatives for common terms. Avoid compounds containing gender-specific terms.
| Japanese use | Japanese avoid |
|---|---|
| 看護師 | 看護婦 |
| 客室乗務員 / キャビン アテンダント / CA | スチュワーデス |
| 保育士 | 保母 |
| 助産師 | 助産婦 |
| 女性警察官 | 婦警 / 婦人警察官 |
| 営業担当者 / 営業スタッフ | 営業マン |
Don’t use gendered pronouns (彼, 彼女) in generic references. Instead:
- Rewrite to use the second person (あなた). However, second-person pronouns must be handled carefully — in many cases they can be omitted.
- Refer to a person’s role (ユーザー, 読者, 従業員, お客様, クライアント).
When writing about a real person, use the pronouns the person prefers (彼, 彼女, 彼ら, or another). Gendered pronouns are acceptable when writing about real people who use those pronouns themselves.
Gender-neutral language should be used in new products and content going forward; legacy material doesn’t need updating.
Accessibility¶
Focus on people, not disabilities. Don’t use words that imply pity, such as “(障碍) を患う” or “(障碍) に苦しむ”. The preferred option is not to mention a disability unless it’s relevant.
| English use | English avoid | Japanese use | Japanese avoid |
|---|---|---|---|
| person with a disability | handicapped | 障碍のある人 / 障碍がある人 | 障害者 |
| person with a physical disability | physically challenged | 身体に障碍者がある人 | 不具 / かたわ |
Use generic verbs that apply to all input methods and devices. Avoid verbs that don’t make sense with alternative input methods.
| English use | English avoid | Japanese use | Japanese avoid |
|---|---|---|---|
| Select | Click | 選択する | クリックする |
Keep paragraphs short and sentence structure simple — aim for one verb per sentence. Read text aloud and imagine it spoken by a screen reader.
Spell out words like “アンド”, “プラス”, and “およそ”. Screen readers can misread special characters like the ampersand (&), plus sign (+), and tilde (~).
Language-specific standards¶
Conventions in this guide¶
- A triangle (△) in an example means a half-width space (used only when explaining the spacing rule).
- A plus sign (+) before a translation example means recommended correct translation. A minus sign (-) is for incorrect translation examples.
Abbreviations¶
You might need to abbreviate words in the UI (mainly button or option names) due to lack of space.
- Key names. References to key names followed by “キー” or “ホット キー” (Shift キー, 電卓ホット キー) can be abbreviated by omitting “キー” or “ホット キー” (Shift, 電卓).
- Spaces. A space between characters can be omitted, provided characters are clearly displayed and style is consistent.
- Menu. References to menu on UI followed by “メニュー” ([表示] メニュー) can be abbreviated omitting “メニュー” ([表示]).
| Expression | Acceptable abbreviation |
|---|---|
| Enter キー | Enter |
| ユーザー△インターフェイス | ユーザーインターフェイス |
| ID△を表示 | ID を表示 |
| [ファイル] メニュー | [ファイル] |
Abbreviations in documents.
- Access keys/Shortcut keys. Do not put access keys/shortcut keys even if the corresponding UI has them. Example: + [新規作成] をクリックします; - [新規作成(N)] をクリックします.
- Symbols. Do not put symbols (such as :, …, >, <) even if the UI has them. Example: + [設定] をクリックします; - [設定…] をクリックします.
Don’t abbreviate product names and trademarks.
Acronyms¶
Acronyms are words made up of the initial letters of major parts of a compound term (WYSIWYG, DNS, HTML). In Japanese, acronyms generally should not be localized.
Characters¶
Hiragana. Primary reference: 「現代仮名遣い」. “ぢ” and “づ” are acceptable only when originating from Japanese 2-word compounds. Examples: はなぢ (鼻血), みかづき (三日月).
Katakana. Full-width unless half-width is necessary. Characters pronounced “ka” or “ko” should be written in Hiragana or Kanji:
| + | - |
|---|---|
| 3 か月 | 3 ケ月, 3 ヶ月, 3 カ月, 3 ヵ月 |
| 5 個 | 5 ケ, 5 コ |
Kanji. Primary references: 「常用漢字表」, 「送り仮名の付け方」. For usage guidelines for kana/kanji with the same reading, homonyms, declensional kana endings, use 『用字用語 新表記辞典』.
English letters. Half-width unless full-width is necessary. Hyphenate at end of line if needed; check dictionary for syllables. Do not hyphenate trademarks or names of product, company, file, path.
Compounds¶
Compounds should be understandable and clear to the user. Avoid overly long or complex compounds. Unintuitive compounds are an intelligibility and usability issue.
When using katakana words to represent English compounds, apply these spacing rules:
- When there is a space between English words, insert a half-width space.
| en-US source | Japanese target |
|---|---|
| dialog box | ダイアログ△ボックス |
| menu command | メニュー△コマンド |
- When there is a hyphen between English words, do not insert a space or other symbols.
| en-US source | Japanese target |
|---|---|
| multi-byte | マルチバイト |
| double-click | ダブルクリック |
- When English term is bar, insert a space preceding “バー” even if the English term is not a compound.*
| en-US source | Japanese target |
|---|---|
| menu bar | メニュー△バー |
| taskbar | タスク△バー |
- When English term includes an adverb like “in” or “on”, do not insert a space or other symbols.
| en-US source | Japanese target |
|---|---|
| log on | ログオン |
| check in | チェックイン |
Localizing colloquialisms, idioms, and metaphors¶
Choose from:
- Don’t replace the source colloquialism with a Japanese one unless it’s a perfect and natural fit.
- Translate the intended meaning (not the literal colloquialism), only if integral.
- If it can be omitted without affecting meaning, omit it.
Modifiers¶
Clear and precise in meaning.
| en-US source | Japanese target + | Japanese target - | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Select an appropriate option. | 適切なオプションを選択します。 | 適当なオプションを選択します。 | Avoid words that may cause misunderstanding. “適当な” can mean “select any option.” |
| This is the perfect solution. | これはお勧めのソリューションです。 | これは完璧なソリューションです。 | Avoid words meaning “perfect,” “superlative,” “permanent,” “superior” in an assertive manner unless based on fact. Others: 完全, 最高, 永久, 世界一, No. 1, 理想的. |
| These controls are very useful when you edit the content. | これらのコントロールはコンテンツを編集するときに便利です。 | これらのコントロールはコンテンツを編集するときに非常に便利です。 | Avoid subjective or emotional statements. |
| Rename each file. | 各ファイルの名前を変更します。 / ファイルごとに名前を変更します。 | 各ファイルごとに名前を変更します。 | Avoid redundant expression. |
Appropriate in style.
| en-US source | Japanese target + | Japanese target - | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| The value can be modified. | 値は変更できます。 | 値は変更しても大丈夫です。 | Avoid spoken language. |
| When you are not familiar with this feature, … | この機能を初めて使用する場合は… | この機能の知識がない場合は… | Avoid impolite style. |
| You can update the setting at any time. | 設定はいつでも更新できます。 | 設定はいかなる時でも更新できます。 | Avoid literary style. |
| It is easy to use for beginners as well. | 初めての方も簡単に使用できます。 | 初心者でも簡単に使用できます。 | Avoid discriminatory description by occupation, gender, class, ethnicity, expertise, etc. |
Numbers¶
- Numerals are written with Arabic and Chinese numerals.
- Arabic numerals should be half-width unless full-width is necessary.
- Use Arabic numerals when the numeral can be replaced by other numerals.
| + | - |
|---|---|
| 1 つ | ひとつ |
| 1 月 | 一月 |
| (雑誌を) 1 部 | 一部 |
- Use Chinese numerals when the numeral cannot be replaced, or when conventionally used.
| + | - |
|---|---|
| もう一度 | もう 1 度 |
| (画面の) 一部 | 1 部 |
| 一時的に | 1 時的に |
| 四捨五入 | 4 捨 5 入 |
Pronouns¶
For Japanese, first consider omitting the subject because explicit expression is often unnatural. First-person plural pronouns (we, our) should be omitted in most cases. When necessary for clarity, translate as “私たち” or “Microsoft.” The use of “弊社” is restricted to when especially polite or official expression is needed.
Second-person pronouns (you, your) need similar handling — in many cases they can be omitted. When translation is needed for clarity, use an appropriate word representing the target customer: “ユーザー” or “管理者” for clarifying roles, “お客様” or “ご自分” in customer-sensitive context. “あなた” may be acceptable depending on context but consider if truly necessary, and ensure it doesn’t sound impolite.
| en-US source | Japanese target | Note |
|---|---|---|
| You can change when new updates get installed. | 新しい更新プログラムをインストールするタイミングを変えられます。 | — |
| Choose one of these schemes or make your own. | 設定を1つ選ぶか、自分で作ります。 / 設定を以下から選ぶか、自分で作ります。 | — |
| Remember my password | パスワードを記憶させる | — |
| Tell me when a new Bluetooth device tries to connect to my PC | 新しい Bluetooth デバイスが見つかったら知らせる | — |
| We recommend that you back up your files on a regular schedule. | ファイルの定期的なバックアップをお勧めします。 | — |
| We strongly discourage you from installing these codec packs. | これらのコーデック パックのインストールはお勧めしません。 | — |
| We can’t find a printer. Do you want to add one? | プリンターが見つかりません。追加しますか? | — |
| The information we collect won’t be used to personally identify you. | 今回集めた情報は、個人を特定する目的で使用されることはありません。 | — |
| There are no pictures of %1!s!, or they’ve chosen not to share pictures with your phone. | %1!s!の写真はありません。または、あなたの電話で写真を見られないように設定されています。 | あなた acceptable depending on context. |
| Wait and we’ll let you know when this is done. | 終了をお知らせするまで、しばらくお待ちください。 | When the phone speaks to the user. |
Punctuation¶
In general, use ideographic full stop (。) and ideographic comma (、) in Japanese sentences. Other punctuation:
Comma. Use half-width commas as: thousand separators; replacement for ideographic comma (、) due to lack of space; part of English quotation/trademark/company name.
| US English | Japanese target |
|---|---|
| 2,000 pages | 2,000 ページ |
Colon. Use half-width colons as: time separators; part of English quotation/trademark/company name; punctuation at end of source heading or item; punctuation at end of source text when text includes an access key.
| US English | Japanese target |
|---|---|
| - | 12:27 |
| Media Type: | メディアの種類: |
| Address: | アドレス(R): |
Dashes and hyphens.
Hyphen. Use half-width hyphen as: date/phone number separator; part of English quotation/trademark/company name; dividing English words between syllables.
| US English | Japanese target |
|---|---|
| - | (0120) 123-4567 |
En dash. Used as minus sign or in number ranges in English. In Japanese, do not use unless necessary.
Em dash. Only used to emphasize an isolated element. In Japanese, do not use unless necessary.
Wave dash. Full-width wave dash (~) often causes build errors in software localization. May be used for numeric range (except copyright notice), but must be replaced with “から” or half-width hyphen.
| US English | Japanese target + | Japanese target - |
|---|---|---|
| The value should be between 0 and 99 mm. | 値は 0 から 99 mm の範囲でなければなりません。 | 値は 0 ~ 99 mm の範囲でなければなりません。 / 値は 0 - 99 mm の範囲でなければなりません。 |
Ellipses. Use three half-width periods as in source.
| US English | Japanese target |
|---|---|
| Change… | 変更… |
Period. Use as decimal separator, ellipses, part of bullets/numbers/file names/English quotations/trademarks/company names.
| US English | Japanese target |
|---|---|
| 1.5 inch | 1.5 インチ |
| Add… | 追加… |
| readme.txt | readme.txt |
Quotation marks. Half-width quotation marks (“”) refer to: texts or symbols displayed on screen (except UI labels); characters or text to be emphasized; names of field/property/action/argument in Japanese.
| US English | Japanese target |
|---|---|
| Letter M is displayed on the screen. | 画面に “M” という文字が表示されます。 |
| This is called a ribbon. | これを “リボン” と呼びます。 |
| - | “説明” フィールド |
Parentheses. Half-width parentheses refer to: access keys; trademark symbols; phone number separators; supplementary explanation (e.g., references to unlocalized UI terms).
| US English | Japanese target |
|---|---|
| Size (S) | サイズ(S) |
| - | Microsoft(R) |
| - | (090) 1234-5678 |
| Click View. | [View] (表示) をクリックします。 |
Brackets. Half-width brackets ([]) refer to user interface elements.
| US English | Japanese target |
|---|---|
| Click OK to close the dialog box. | [OK] をクリックしてダイアログ ボックスを閉じます。 |
Left/right corner brackets. Full-width 「」 refer to: Help topics; topics/info on website; titles of chapter/section/subsection/appendix; texts to enter; texts in a file.
| US English | Japanese target |
|---|---|
| For details, see Security. | 詳細については、「セキュリティ」を参照してください。 |
| See 3.1 Formatting in this document. | このマニュアルの「3.1 書式設定」を参照してください。 |
| Enter “setup” in the textbox. | テキストボックスに 「setup」と入力します。 |
| Find a string “App Search” in the file. | ファイルで「App Search」という文字列を検索します。 |
The corner brackets should not be used when these texts/topics are listed.
| US English | Japanese target |
|---|---|
| To view all the services, enter following text: all | サービスをすべて表示するには、次のテキストを入力します: all |
Left/right white corner brackets. Full-width 『』 refer to reference documents and books.
| US English | Japanese target |
|---|---|
| You can download SQL Server 2019 guide white paper. | 『SQL Server 2019 ガイド』 ホワイト ペーパーをダウンロードできます。 |
Semicolon, ampersand. Use only as part of English quotation/trademark/company name from source.
Question mark. Half-width as part of English quotation, expression, interactive messages.
| US English | Japanese target |
|---|---|
| Do you want to save changes? | 変更を保存しますか? |
Exclamation mark. Half-width similarly. If using it makes the impression too aggressive or inappropriate, remove it.
| US English | Japanese target |
|---|---|
| Warning! | 警告! |
Slash. Half-width as date separator, representing opposite-term pairs, or English quotation/expression/trademark/company name.
| US English | Japanese target |
|---|---|
| - | 2011/1/13 |
| On/Off | オン/オフ |
Katakana middle dot (・). Use as part of foreign person name, trademark, company name, country/region name, language name.
| US English | Japanese target |
|---|---|
| Trinidad and Tobago | トリニダード・トバゴ |
| Abraham Lincoln | エイブラハム・リンカーン |
Sentence fragments¶
Sentence fragments help convey a conversational tone and are short. In Japanese, use sentence fragments especially in headings, where short sentences/terms work well.
| English source | Japanese long form | Japanese sentence fragment |
|---|---|---|
| Here’s what will happen: | 次のことが行われます: | 注意: / 次の点にご注意ください。 / この操作を行うと: |
Note: It may sound rude if “what” is translated as “もの” (stuff/object), or unnatural if translated as “こと” (things). Use other expressions.
Symbols & spaces¶
Unless instructed otherwise, Japanese symbols and punctuation are full-width; symbols used worldwide are half-width.
Spacing rules.
1. Between full-width and half-width characters. Insert a half-width space.
| English | + | - |
|---|---|---|
| When you use Word, … | Word△を使用するときは、… | Wordを使用するときは、… |
| Chapter 3 | 第△3△章 | 第3章 |
| Shift | Shift△キー | Shiftキー |
Exceptions — do not insert a space:
- Between ideographic full stop (。)/ideographic comma (、) and a half-width character
- Between a numeral and unit of angle (°)
- On each side of text enclosed by parentheses/quotation marks/brackets
- On each side of slash
- Between a full-width character and question mark (?), exclamation mark (!), colon (:), ellipses (…) ending the term
- Between a character and access key enclosed by parentheses in UI
| English | + | - |
|---|---|---|
| Click the button to close. | ボタンをクリックして、閉じます。 | ボタンをクリックして△、△閉じます△。 |
| - | 45° | 45△° |
| Column A (Title) | 列 A (タイトル) | 列 A (△タイトル△) |
| Click New. | [新規] をクリックします。 | [△新規△] をクリックします。 |
| Enter “test.” | 「test」と入力します。 | 「△test△」と入力します。 |
| - | 3/14 | 3△/△14 |
| Do you want to update? | 更新しますか? | 更新しますか△? |
| Warning! | 警告! | 警告△! |
| Font: | フォント: | フォント△: |
| More… | その他… | その他△… |
| Save \ |
保存(S) | 保存△(S) |
| Save \ |
保存△(S) | 保存(S) |
2. Between full-width characters. In principle, do not insert a space.
| English | + | - |
|---|---|---|
| - | 変換キー | 変換△キー |
Exceptions — insert a space:
- Katakana words representing English compounds
- Representing reference to other chapter in document
| English | + | - |
|---|---|---|
| page layout | ページ△レイアウト | ページレイアウト |
| See Chapter 2 Control. | 「第 2 章△コントロール」を参照してください。 | 「第 2 章コントロール」を参照してください。 |
3. Between half-width characters. In principle, do not insert a space.
| English | + | - |
|---|---|---|
| 50 | 50 | 5△0 |
Exceptions — insert a space:
- Between English words
- Between a numeral and a measurement unit, except for % and mm (in the context of photograph/projection)
- Between a half-width parenthesis and half-width character outside, except for parentheses enclosing access keys in UI or trademark symbols
- On each side of plus sign, except for shortcut keys in UI
- Between question mark/exclamation mark ending the term and a half-width character starting the next term
- Representing reference to section in document
| English | + | - |
|---|---|---|
| All rights reserved. | All△rights△reserved. | Allrightsreserved. |
| - | 3△kg | 3kg |
| - | 50% | 50△% |
| 10/13 (pages) | 10/13△(ページ) | 10/13(ページ) |
| OK \ |
OK(O) | OK△(O) |
| OK \ |
OK△(O) | OK(O) |
| Microsoft(R) | Microsoft(R) | Microsoft△(R) |
| Ctrl+Alt \ |
Ctrl+Alt | Ctrl△+△Alt |
| Ctrl+Alt \ |
Ctrl△+△Alt | Ctrl+Alt |
| Do you want to save it? If you edit it using Excel… | 保存しますか?△Excel を使用して編集する場合は… | 保存しますか?Excel を使用して編集する場合は… |
| See 2.1 Active Directory. | 「2.1△Active Directory」を参照してください。 | 「2.1Active Directory」を参照してください。 |
Katakana prolonged sound mark (ー)¶
Primary reference: 「外来語の表記」.
In principle, use a long vowel when a source English term has suffixes -er, -or, -ar.
| English | + | - |
|---|---|---|
| computer | コンピューター | コンピュータ |
| operator | オペレーター | オペレータ |
| scalar | スカラー | スカラ |
In other cases, use a long vowel when the corresponding katakana word has fewer than 4 characters. Long vowel counts; geminative consonant (Sokuon, small ッ), contracted sound (Yoon, small ャ/ュ/ョ), and small ァ/ィ/ゥ do not.
| English | Character count | + | - |
|---|---|---|---|
| queue | 2 (キ, ー) | キュー | キュ |
| menu | 3 (メ, ニ, ー) | メニュー | メニュ |
| memory | 4 (メ, モ, リ, ―) | メモリ | メモリー |
| procedure | 6 (プ, ロ, シ, ー, ジ, ―) | プロシージャ | プロシージャー |
When the English term consists of a prefix and stem word, consider words one by one:
| English | Count/Suffix | + | - |
|---|---|---|---|
| preview | pre + view (2: ビ, ー) | プレビュー | プレビュ |
| subtree | sub + tree (3: ツ, リ, ー) | サブツリー | サブツリ |
| interface | inter (-er) + face | インターフェイス | インタフェイス |
Exceptions by customary practice (selected list):
| English | + |
|---|---|
| academy | アカデミー |
| accelerator | アクセラレータ |
| adventure | アドベンチャー |
| allergy | アレルギー |
| ASCII | アスキー |
| barbecue | バーベキュー |
| barrier | バリア |
| birthday | バースデー |
| calorie | カロリー |
| carrier | キャリア |
| centimeter | センチメートル |
| ceremony | セレモニー |
| cheetah | チーター |
| chimpanzee | チンパンジー |
| coffee | コーヒー |
| company | カンパニー |
| compiler | コンパイラ |
| connector | コネクタ |
| cranberry | クランベリー |
| daily | デイリー |
| door | ドア |
| economy | エコノミー |
| energy | エナジー / エネルギー |
| engineer | エンジニア |
| exterior | エクステリア |
| fancy | ファンシー |
| fantasy | ファンタジー |
| floor | フロア |
| formatter | フォーマッタ |
| gallery | ギャラリー |
| harmony | ハーモニー |
| healthy | ヘルシー |
| hero | ヒーロー |
| hotkey | ホットキー |
| humor | ユーモア |
| interior | インテリア |
| interview | インタビュー |
| jewelry | ジュエリー |
| junior | ジュニア |
| kangaroo | カンガルー |
| linear | リニア |
| luxury | ラグジュアリー |
| mahogany | マホガニー |
| meter | メートル |
| millimeter | ミリメートル |
| mystery | ミステリー |
| nature | ネイチャー |
| navy | ネービー |
| outdoor | アウトドア |
| outlaw | アウトロー |
| paisley | ペイズリー |
| passkey | パスキー |
| peer | ピア |
| photography | フォトグラフィー |
| policy | ポリシー |
| polyester | ポリエステル |
| premier | プレミア |
| processor | プロセッサ |
| programmer | プログラマ |
| publicity | パブリシティー |
| radiator | ラジエータ |
| raspberry | ラズベリー |
| register | レジスタ |
| rendezvous | ランデブー |
| rescue | レスキュー |
| rotary | ロータリー |
| scheduler | スケジューラ |
| screw | スクリュー |
| senior | シニア |
| shampoo | シャンプー |
| slipper | スリッパ |
| spray | スプレー |
| story | ストーリー |
| strawberry | ストロベリー |
| summary | サマリー |
| synergy | シナジー |
| tar | タール |
| taxi | タクシー |
| tenkey | テンキー |
| terminator | ターミネータ |
| timely | タイムリー |
| transistor | トランジスタ |
| treasure | トレジャー |
| trolley | トロリー |
| trophy | トロフィー |
| value | バリュー |
| venture | ベンチャー |
| victory | ビクトリー |
| volunteer | ボランティア |
| whiskey | ウィスキー |
| workflow | ワークフロー |
Plus sign¶
Use half-width plus sign (+) as: shortcut key separator; part of English quotation/expression/trademark/company name.
| US English | Japanese target |
|---|---|
| Ctrl+Tab | Ctrl+Tab |
Verbs¶
Use simple tenses. Simple present is the default. Avoid future tense unless describing something that will really happen in the future and simple present isn’t applicable. Use simple past when describing events already happened.
Causative form. Avoid “~させる” unless necessary.
| US English | Japanese target + | Japanese target - |
|---|---|---|
| Move the dialog box when the cell is not visible. | セルが見えないときは、ダイアログ ボックスを移動します。 | セルが見えないときは、ダイアログ ボックスを移動させます。 |
Verbal noun. In general, use “~します” instead of “noun + を実行します (行います)” unless it becomes wordy. However, don’t convert katakana nouns to verbs unless such verbs are common and familiar in Japan.
| US English | Japanese target + | Japanese target - |
|---|---|---|
| Add, move, or delete the row. | 行の追加、移動、または削除を行います。 | 行を追加したり、移動したり、削除したりします。 |
| Troubleshoot… | … トラブルシューティングを行います。 | … トラブルシューティングします。 |
| Preview the pages. | ページをプレビューします。 | ページのプレビューを表示します。 |
| Install the application. | アプリケーションをインストールします。 | アプリケーションのインストールを実行します。 |
Double negative. Avoid two negative words unless necessary.
| US English | Japanese target + | Japanese target - |
|---|---|---|
| The computer is not safe unless it is protected by anti-virus program and software updates. | ウイルス対策プログラムやソフトウェア更新プログラムで保護されていない場合、コンピューターは危険にさらされます。 | ウイルス対策プログラムやソフトウェア更新プログラムで保護されていない場合、コンピューターは安全ではありません。 |
Jargon. Avoid jargon.
| US English | Japanese target + | Japanese target - |
|---|---|---|
| Start Windows. | Windows を起動します。 | Windows を立ち上げます。 |
Continuous operations. Expressed in English with a gerund; translate as “~しています” or “~中” in general.
| US English | Japanese target |
|---|---|
| Copying the file… | ファイルをコピーしています… / ファイルのコピー中… |
Translation of “must,” “should,” “may.”
- Must, should. Often describe a required user action or setting; translate as “~する (である) 必要があります.”
| US English | Japanese target |
|---|---|
| Forward linkID must be an even number. | Forward linkID は偶数である必要があります。 |
| You must specify the user name. | ユーザー名を指定する必要があります。 |
| The file should be saved in a different location. | 別の場所にファイルを保存する必要があります。 |
- May. Often expresses possibility; translate as “~する (である) 場合があります.”
| US English | Japanese target |
|---|---|
| You may need to change the setting. | 設定を変更しなければならない場合があります。 |
| The installation may take several minutes. | インストールには数分かかる場合があります。 |
Style and tone considerations¶
Style: Desu-masu, Dearu, noun phrase¶
Use Desu-masu (ですます調, polite style), Dearu (である調, plain style), and noun phrase (体言止め) appropriately.
- Desu-masu. In general, sentences should be Desu-masu unless instructed otherwise. When prompting users to take action, use “…してください。.” Example contexts: explanatory texts in windows, dialog boxes, message boxes, status bar (software); explanatory text except for headings (document).
- Dearu. When sentences should be brief and simple. Noun phrase can be used per situation (lack of space). Keep consistency on levels. Example: check boxes, option buttons (software); explanatory texts as headings (document).
- Noun phrase (体言止め). When sentences should be brief and simple, use noun phrase. Dearu and appropriate postpositional particles can be used per situation. Keep consistency. Example: titles of menus and boxes, menu commands, labels in dialog boxes, command buttons, tabs, list items in list boxes or combo boxes (software); titles of web pages, headings, call-outs, captions (documents).
When using noun phrase, keep expression simple and clear.
| English | + | - | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Show changes | 変更箇所の表示 | 変更箇所を表示 | Basic expression “~の~” |
| Select object types | オブジェクトの種類を選択 | オブジェクトの種類の選択 | Avoid “~の~の~.” |
| Open an item | アイテムを開く | アイテムの開き | Use Dearu instead for clarity. |
| Next | 次へ | 次 | Add an appropriate postpositional particle for clarity. |
Inanimate subject¶
In general, do not literally translate inanimate subject (product, program, device) as the agent of action unless necessary. Use passive voice and omit the subject.
| English | Translation |
|---|---|
| The component detects the device. | デバイスが検出されます。 |
Active/passive voice¶
In general, use active voice when the agent of action is a person (user). Use passive voice when the action is automatically performed by the computer from the user’s point of view.
| English | Translation |
|---|---|
| Open the file. | ファイルを開きます。 |
| A dialog box is displayed. | ダイアログボックスが表示されます。 |
| The program will restart the computer after the installation. | インストール後にコンピューターが再起動されます。 / インストール後、プログラムによりコンピューターが再起動されます。 |
Tone: honorific, humble, polite¶
Honorific (尊敬語) and humble (謙譲語). In general, do not use.
-
- データ ファイルをアプリケーションに関連付けると、~
-
- データ ファイルをアプリケーションに関連付けていただきますと、~
In materials where “supplier-customer” relationship matters, use these expressions.
| English | + | - |
|---|---|---|
| we (referring Microsoft) | 弊社 | 当社, 我社 |
| Please buy … | ~をお買い求めください。 | ~を購入してください。 |
| When you use …, | ~をお使いいただくときには、 | ~を使うときには、 |
| Please contact … | ~にお問い合わせください。 | ~に問い合わせてください。 |
Do not use excessively polite expression.
| English | + | - |
|---|---|---|
| Please buy … when you use … | ~を使用するときには、~をお買い求めください。 | ~をお使いいただくときには、~をお買い求めください。 |
| Please make sure not to use … | ~を使用しないようご注意ください。 | ~を使用なさらないようご注意ください。 / ~をご使用にならないようご注意ください。 |
Polite expression (丁寧語). Pay attention to be polite and avoid sounding abrupt and unfriendly. For instructive “…してください” phrases, use more polite expressions to be empathetic and avoid sounding mechanical.
| English | + | - |
|---|---|---|
| Confirm; Check | ご確認ください | 確認してください |
| See | ご覧ください | 参照してください |
| Ask; Contact | お問い合わせください | 問い合わせてください |
| Contact | ご連絡ください | 連絡してください |
| Try | お試しください | 試行してください |
| Try to … | …してみてください | — |
| Try again | もう一度お試しください | 再試行してください |
| Try to … again | もう一度…してみてください | — |
| Note | ご注意ください | 注意してください |
| Notify | お知らせください | 通知してください |
This is not applicable to other instructive “…してください” phrases (such as “作成してください,” “削除してください”) in general.
Asking for action to take¶
For sentences asking the customer which action to take (“Do you want to …?”, “Would you like to …?”), translate to “…しますか?”. Avoid “…してもよろしいですか?” because the agent of action is not the customer in that form.
| English | + | - |
|---|---|---|
| Do you want to continue? / Would you like to continue? | このまま続けますか? | このまま続けてもよろしいですか? |
Localization considerations¶
Unlocalized items¶
The following should not be localized:
- Trademarks
- Placeholders ({1}, %s, etc.)
- Escape characters (\n, \r, displayed as ¥n)
- Registry keys (kept locked in general)
- Version information strings (except “FileDescription”)
Distinguishing between English and Japanese versions¶
Product names can be followed by “日本語版” (Japanese version) or “英語版” (English version) to distinguish.
Example: Microsoft Windows 11 日本語版
Copilot predefined prompts (best practices applicable to any AI prompt localization)¶
- Be clear and specific. English prompts are generally questions or requests starting with an action verb. Make target prompts natural questions or requests.
- Keep it conversational. Use simple, natural language. Avoid machine-like tone.
- Be polite and professional. Don’t use slang and jargon.
- Use quotation marks. Helps the AI know what to write, modify, or replace.
- Pay attention to punctuation, grammar, and capitalization.
- Entity token placement. Entity tokens (\
file\ , or […]) are placeholders. The word/expression inside should be translated; the entity type attribute should not. - Place ghost texts at the end of the sentence. Ghost texts appear within placeholder tags at the end; users shouldn’t need to move the cursor.
- Be consistent. Translate similar English prompts consistently.
| Source prompt | Target prompt | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| List ideas for a fun remote team building event | チーム ビルディングに役立つ、楽しいリモート イベントのアイデアを一覧にしてください | If the prompt is a request, use Desu-masu polite style. |
| What are the goals and topics from the meeting? Format each section with a bolded heading, a bulleted list, and bolded names | 会議のゴールとトピックは何ですか? 太字の見出し、箇条書き、太字の名前を使用して、各セクションを書式設定してください | If the prompt is a question, use a question mark at the end. |
| Propose a new introduction to \ |
\ |
Translate text between entity type tags, not the attribute. |
| What were the open issues from \ |
\ |
Same. |
| List key points from [file] | [ファイル] の要点を一覧にしてください | Text within brackets translated. |
| Give me ideas for icebreaker activities for a new team | 新しいチームの緊張を解きほぐすアクティビティに関するアイデアを提示してください | — |
| Create a list of \ |
以下の一覧を作成してください: \ |
Ghost text placed at end. |
| Create a brochure for \ |
以下に関するパンフレットを作成してください: \ |
Ghost text placed at end. |
Error messages¶
Error messages inform the user of an error that must be corrected. Apply modern voice principles to ensure target translation is natural, empathetic, and not robot-like.
| English term | Correct Japanese translation |
|---|---|
| The password isn’t correct, so try again. Passwords are case-sensitive. | パスワードが正しくありません。もう一度入力してください。パスワードでは大文字と小文字が区別されます。 |
| Not enough memory to process this command. | メモリ不足のためこのコマンドを処理できません。 |
Japanese style. Use Desu-masu in message body. When prompting users to act, use “…してください。.” Use noun phrase for box titles and command buttons.
“Sorry” is used in error messages causing serious problems or product/service failure. Translate to formal “申し訳ございません” to express sincere apology. If “Sorry” is followed by description in a single English sentence, translate “Sorry” as one sentence and the description as another.
| English | Translation + | Translation - |
|---|---|---|
| Sorry, we’re not sure what happened, but Skype stopped working and had to close. | 申し訳ございません。何らかの理由で Skype が動作しなくなり、終了しました。 | すみません、原因ははっきりしませんが、Skype が動作しなくなり、終了しました。 |
Standard phrases in error messages.
| English | Translation | Example | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cannot … / Could not … | ~できません | ファイルをコピーできません | For “Could not …”, “~できませんでした” acceptable per context. |
| Failed to … / Failure of … | ~できませんでした | クエリを編集できませんでした / 設定を更新できませんでした。 | “Failure of noun” translates as “… のエラーが発生しました” or “… エラー” where noun phrase is appropriate. |
| Cannot find … / Could not find … / Unable to find … / Unable to locate … | ~が見つかりません | リソースが見つかりません | “Could not find …” can be “~が見つかりませんでした” per context. |
| Not enough memory / Insufficient memory / There is not enough memory / There is not enough memory available | メモリが不足しています | メモリが不足しているため、%1 を開始できません。 | Use noun phrase when appropriate. |
| … is not available / … is unavailable | ~は使用できません | この関数は使用できません。 | Translation may vary per context. |
Error messages containing placeholders. Find out what will replace the placeholder so the sentence stays grammatically correct. Placeholder letters convey meaning: %d/%ld/%u/%lu = number; %c = letter; %s = string. Examples: “Checking Web %1!d! of %2!d!” = “Checking Web \
In Japanese, the order of placeholders within a string can change if they remain distinguishable. When the placeholder is enclosed by brackets in the source, leave them as-is.
| English | Translation + | Translation - |
|---|---|---|
| {1} in {2} is missing. | {2} の {1} がありません。 | N/A |
| Database: ‘%s’ | データベース: ‘%s’ | データベース: %s |
Keyboard arrow keys¶
| English | Japanese | Reading |
|---|---|---|
| Arrow keys | N/A | 方向キー |
| right arrow key | →キー | 右方向キー |
| left arrow key | ←キー | 左方向キー |
| up arrow key | ↑キー | 上方向キー |
| down arrow key | ↓キー | 下方向キー |
Keys¶
In Japanese, when the key name consists of one English word, capitalize the first letter. When two or more English words, capitalize the first letter of each word without spaces. Use the key name as on the keyboard if necessary (Esc, Tab, Ctrl, CapsLock, NumLock, ScrollLock, Pause, Shift, Alt, Space, Enter, BackSpace, Ins, Del, Home, End, PageDown, PageUp, Break, PrintScreen, F1–F12).
References to key names are followed by “キー.” When the key name is in English letters, insert a space between name and “キー”; when in Japanese, do not insert space. Do not use brackets.
| Key | + | - |
|---|---|---|
| Enter | Enter△キー | Enterキー |
| 変換 | 変換キー | 変換△キー |
| right arrow key | →キー | →△キー |
| Shift | Shift△キー | [Shift]△キー |
| Caps Lock | CapsLock△キー | Caps△Lock△キー |
Hot keys (on keyboard, not equal to access keys) are followed by “ホット△キー”: e.g., 電卓ホット△キー. Alternate command keys are followed by “キー”: e.g., 元に戻すキー.
Shortcut keys¶
Use half-width plus sign. Do not insert a space on either side of the plus sign on the UI.
Standard shortcut keys (selected).
| US English command | US shortcut | Japanese command | Japanese shortcut |
|---|---|---|---|
| Help window | F1 | ヘルプを表示する | F1 |
| Context-sensitive Help | Shift+F1 | 状況依存のヘルプを表示する | Shift+F1 |
| Cancel | Esc | 操作を取り消す | Esc |
| Switch to the next primary application | Alt+Tab | 次のプライマリ アプリケーションに切り替える | Alt+Tab |
| Close active application window | Alt+F4 | アクティブなアプリケーションのウィンドウを閉じる | Alt+F4 |
| Access Start button in taskbar | Ctrl+Esc | タスクバーのスタート メニューを開く | Ctrl+Esc |
| Launch Task Manager and system initialization | Ctrl+Shift+Esc | タスク マネージャーを起動する | Ctrl+Shift+Esc |
| File New | Ctrl+N | ファイルを新規作成する | Ctrl+N |
| File Open | Ctrl+O | ファイルを開く | Ctrl+O |
| File Close | Ctrl+F4 | ファイルを閉じる | Ctrl+F4 |
| File Save | Ctrl+S | ファイルを保存する | Ctrl+S |
| File Save as | F12 | ファイルに名前を付けて保存する | F12 |
| File Print | Ctrl+P | ファイルを印刷する | Ctrl+P |
| File Exit | Alt+F4 | プログラムを終了する | Alt+F4 |
| Edit Undo | Ctrl+Z | 編集内容を元に戻す | Ctrl+Z |
| Edit Repeat | Ctrl+Y | 編集内容を繰り返す | Ctrl+Y |
| Edit Cut | Ctrl+X | 選択範囲を切り取る | Ctrl+X |
| Edit Copy | Ctrl+C | 選択範囲をコピーする | Ctrl+C |
| Edit Paste | Ctrl+V | 選択範囲を貼り付ける | Ctrl+V |
| Edit Select All | Ctrl+A | すべて選択する | Ctrl+A |
| Edit Find | Ctrl+F | 検索のダイアログ ボックスを表示する | Ctrl+F |
| Edit Replace | Ctrl+H | 置換のダイアログ ボックスを表示する | Ctrl+H |
| Italic | Ctrl+I | 斜体にする | Ctrl+I |
| Bold | Ctrl+B | 太字にする | Ctrl+B |
| Underlined | Ctrl+U | 下線を引く | Ctrl+U |
| Centered | Ctrl+E | 中央揃えにする | Ctrl+E |
| Left aligned | Ctrl+L | 左揃えにする | Ctrl+L |
| Right aligned | Ctrl+R | 右揃えにする | Ctrl+R |
| Justified | Ctrl+J | 両端揃えにする | Ctrl+J |
UI elements: how to refer to them in text¶
In Japanese, when referring to a UI item with a label text, enclose the text with half-width brackets [ ]. Do not use brackets for items without a label text, or for products/programs/components/utilities/tools/snap-ins/wizards unless their icons are referred to.
| Item | Example | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Check box | [この時計を表示する] チェックボックス | Enclose label, add “チェックボックス” after. |
| Command button | [OK] | Enclose label. Don’t add “ボタン” unless necessary to clarify. |
| Command link | [今すぐインターネットを参照します] | Enclose label. Don’t add “コマンドリンク” unless necessary. |
| Dialog box | [メモ帳] ダイアログボックス | Enclose label, add “ダイアログボックス” after. |
| Drop-down list / combo box | [タイムゾーンの選択] ボックス | Enclose label, add “ボックス” after. |
| Drop-down list — List | [タイムゾーンの選択] ボックスの一覧の [(UTC+01:00) サラエボ、スコピエ、ワルシャワ、ザグレブ] | List referred to as “[box label] ボックスの一覧.” Each item enclosed in brackets. |
| Gadget | 時計ガジェット | Do not enclose. Add “ガジェット” after. |
| Group box | [サンプル] | Enclose label. Don’t add “グループ” unless necessary. |
| Icon — Application/Shortcut | [ごみ箱] アイコンをクリックします。 | Enclose label, add “アイコン” after. Don’t use brackets for application itself. |
| Icon — File/Folder | [アルバム] フォルダーのアイコンをダブルクリックします。 | Enclose label, add “ファイルのアイコン” or “フォルダーのアイコン”. |
| Link | [オンラインでタイムゾーンの詳細情報を取得] | Enclose label. Don’t add “リンク” unless necessary. |
| List box | [カスタマイズ] ボックス | Enclose label, add “ボックス” after. |
| List box — List | [カスタマイズ] ボックスの一覧の [通常の選択] | Each list item enclosed in brackets. |
| Menu | [ファイル] メニュー | Add “メニュー” after; can be omitted when space-limited and apparent. |
| Menu — Button | [編集] | Enclose label. Don’t add “ボタン” unless necessary. |
| Menu — Help button | [?] ボタン | Help button referred to as “[?] ボタン” if image not available. |
| Menu — Command | [新規] | Enclose label. Don’t add “コマンド” unless necessary. |
| Radio button (Option button) | [この項目を表示しない] | Enclose label. Don’t add “オプションボタン” unless necessary. |
| Ribbon | — | For groups: enclose name, add “グループ”. For commands: enclose name. |
| Spin control (Spin box) | [最近使ったプログラムの表示数] ボックス | Enclose, add “ボックス”. |
| Tab | [追加の時計] タブ | Enclose, add “タブ”. |
| Taskbar — Start | [スタート] | n/a |
| Taskbar — Start — Menu | [すべてのプログラム] | Enclose. Don’t add “コマンド” unless necessary. |
| Taskbar — Program button | [付箋] | Enclose. Don’t add “ボタン” unless necessary. |
| Taskbar — Icon/Indicator in notification area | アクションセンターアイコン | Do not enclose. Add “アイコン” or “インジケーター” after. |
| Text box | [表示名の入力] ボックス | Enclose, add “ボックス”. |
| Toolbar | [アドレス] ツールバー | Enclose, add “ツールバー”. |
| Toolbar — Button | [整理] | Enclose, add “ボタン”. Can be omitted if apparent. |
| Window | [検索] ウィンドウ | Enclose, add “ウィンドウ”. |
| Window frame — Button | 最小化ボタン | Do not enclose. Add “ボタン” after. |
| Window frame — Icon | メモ帳のタイトルバーアイコン | Do not enclose. Add “のタイトルバーアイコン” after. |
Other items. Don’t use brackets unless they have a Japanese name.
| Item | Example | Note |
|---|---|---|
| File | AUTOEXEC.BAT ファイル / “自動実行.txt” ファイル | Enclose with quotation marks when Japanese. |
| Field | text フィールド / “テキスト” フィールド | Same. |
| Function | SUM 関数 | — |
| Property | Visible プロパティ / “表示” プロパティ | Quotation marks when Japanese. |
| Action | FindRecord アクション / “レコード検索” アクション / “FindRecord/レコード検索” アクション | Quotation marks when Japanese; slash to combine. |
| Procedure | Sub プロシージャ | — |
| Argument | number 引数 / “数値” 引数 / “number/数値” 引数 | Quotation marks when Japanese; slash to combine. |
| Method | AppendChunk メソッド | — |
| Statement | AppActivate ステートメント | — |
| Operator | And 演算子 | — |
| Object | QueryDef オブジェクト | — |
| Collection | Properties コレクション | — |
| Event | Activate イベント | — |
| Constant | 定数 acOLELinked | — |
| Help | Microsoft Window 10 ヘルプ | — |
| Table | Customers テーブル | Quotation marks when Japanese. |
| Form | COrders フォーム | Quotation marks when Japanese. |
Reference to unlocalized UI terms¶
When referring to UI terms left in English, add Japanese translation in parentheses unless instructed otherwise.
-
- [Add/Delete] (追加/削除) ダイアログ ボックスが表示されます。
-
- [Add/Delete] ダイアログ ボックスが表示されます。
Voice/video pronunciation¶
English terms left unlocalized should be pronounced the English way. For common terms with established Japanese pronunciation (such as “server”), use the local pronunciation. Pronunciation can be adapted to the Japanese phonetic system if the original sounds awkward.
| Example | Phonetics | Comment |
|---|---|---|
| SecurID | [sı’kjuər aı di:] | In Japanese, “セキュア アイディ.” |
| .NET | [dot net] | In Japanese, “ドット ネット.” |
| Skype | [s’kaipu], [su’kaipu] | Product name pronounced as in source language. |
Acronyms pronounced like real words, adapted to local pronunciation: RADIUS → ラディウス, RAS → ラス, ISA → アイサ, LAN → ラン, WAN → ワン, WAP → ワップ, MAPI → マッピ, POP → ポップ.
Other abbreviations pronounced letter by letter: ICMP → アイシーエムピー, IP → アイピー, TCP/IP → ティーシ-ピーアイピー, XML → エックスエムエル, HTML → エイチティーエムエル, OWA → オーダブリューエー, SQL → エスキューエル (also シークェル), XP → エックスピー, URL → ユーアールエル.
URLs. “http://” left out; rest read in entirety. “www” pronounced as “ダブリューダブリューダブリュー.” “Dot” omitted or read as “ドット.”
| Example | Phonetics |
|---|---|
| http://www.microsoft.com/ | ダブリューダブリューダブリュードットマイクロソフトドットコムスラッシュシーゼットイー |
Tone for video¶
Use a tone matching the target audience — informal/playful for products/games, formal/informative/factual for technical texts.
In Japanese:
- Translate script as short as possible (at most as short as the source) so it fits the source video length. Japanese tends to be longer than source, which prevents synchronizing visuals with voiceover.
- Translate script using ですます調.
FAQ¶
When do I use Desu-masu vs Dearu vs noun phrase in Japanese translation?¶
Desu-masu (ですます調) for body text and explanations in dialogs, message boxes, documents. Dearu for brief check-box labels, option-button labels, and headings where space matters. Noun phrase (体言止め) for menu titles, command buttons, dialog labels, tabs, list items, web page titles, captions. Keep the level consistent within each section — mixing breaks flow.
How should I handle pronouns (we, you, I) in Japanese translation?¶
Default to omitting them — Japanese frequently drops subjects naturally. For ‘we/our’ referring to the producer, omit; if needed for clarity, use 私たち or the company name. 弊社 is reserved for highly polite/official contexts. For ‘you/your’, use role nouns (ユーザー, 管理者, お客様, ご自分) instead of あなた; reserve あなた for narrow contexts where context truly demands it.
What’s the rule for katakana long-vowel marks (ー)?¶
Use ー when the English source ends in -er, -or, or -ar (computer → コンピューター, operator → オペレーター, scalar → スカラー). In other cases, count the katakana characters: ≤3 chars keep ー (キュー, メニュー); ≥4 chars drop ー (メモリ, プロシージャ). Long vowels count, but small ッ/ャ/ュ/ョ/ァ/ィ/ゥ don’t. Many exceptions exist by convention — アカデミー, アクセラレータ, フォーマッタ, etc.
When do I insert half-width spaces in Japanese text?¶
Between full-width and half-width characters (Word△を使用するときは, Shift△キー), between English words in katakana compounds (ダイアログ△ボックス, ページ△レイアウト), around section/chapter references, around English words inside Japanese text. Don’t insert spaces around full-width punctuation, around question/exclamation/colon ending a term, between character and access key in parentheses, on either side of slash, or between full-width characters by default.
How do I translate error messages in Japanese?¶
Use Desu-masu in message body, noun phrase for box titles and buttons. Avoid impersonal product-as-subject patterns common in English. Use 申し訳ございません for serious ‘Sorry’ apologies. Standard phrases: Cannot/Could not → ~できません; Failed to → ~できませんでした or ~のエラーが発生しました; Cannot find → ~が見つかりません; Not enough memory → メモリが不足しています; … is unavailable → ~は使用できません.
How should I refer to UI elements in Japanese?¶
Enclose the label text of UI items with half-width brackets [ ]. After the brackets, add the element type (チェックボックス, ダイアログボックス, ボックス, ツールバー, ウィンドウ, タブ, etc.) — though some types like ボタン, コマンド, メニュー, リンク can be omitted when the context makes it clear. Don’t use brackets for items without label text, or for products/programs/components/wizards (unless their icons are referenced). Help topics, document titles, file contents go in 「」 instead.
What’s the difference between honorific (尊敬語) / humble (謙譲語) / polite (丁寧語) in Japanese product content?¶
Avoid honorific and humble forms in general product content — they sound excessive. Reserve them for materials where supplier-customer relationships matter (商品案内, marketing letters, official correspondence). Use 弊社 only when very polite/official tone is needed. Polite (丁寧語) ご-prefixed instructive forms (ご確認ください, ご覧ください, お問い合わせください) should replace plain forms (確認してください, 参照してください, 問い合わせてください) to sound empathetic, not mechanical — but this applies to a specific list of expressions, not all “~してください” patterns.